Bioestructura de la piel de la aleta caudal del salmón del atlántico, en estado smolt y sus interacciones con el estado chalimus del Caligus rogercresseyi / Biostructure of the atlantic salmon skin of the caudal fin, in the smolt stage and its interactions with the chalimus stage of Caligus rogercresseyi

RESUMEN: Caligus rogercresseyi es un copépodo que representa uno de los principales desafíos de la industria del cultivo de salmónidos en Chile, ya que afecta profusamente a la piel. Es preciso destacar que los peces en agua dulce y estuario no son afectados, a diferencia del salmón, que desde el post-smolt resulta muy parasitado cuando es trasladado al mar. Se han realizado múltiples estudios sobre el ciclo de vida del parásito y desarrollado tratamientos químicos, físicos y mecánicos para eliminarlos. Sin embargo, a la fecha, los tratamientos no han sido eficaces, lo que produce un problema permanente para el bienestar del animal. El propósito de este estudio fue el de reconocer la bioestructura de la piel de la aleta caudal del salmón del atlántico en los sitios de la interacción con chalimus. Para esto, se utilizaron 15 post-smolt infectados con Caligus y 5 post-smolt controles, sin Caligus. Los salmones fueron aportados por Fundación Chile y la experiencia se realizó en su propio centro experimental. Una vez realizada la eutanasia, mediante sobredosis del anestésico benzocaína, se obtubieron muestras de las aletas caudales, las cuales fueron fijadas en formalina al 10%, incluidas en paraplast para realizar cortes de 5 µm de espesor y teñidas con Tricrómico de Masson y PAS. Los resultados indicaron que la piel de la aleta caudal de los post-smolt afectados presentan mayor altura de la epidermis, escasa células secretoras de mucus y solución de continuidad en la epidermis. Además, la membrana basal se descontinúa y ocurre un aumento de melanomacrófagos en la dermis.

SUMMARY: Caligus rogercresseyi is a copepod that represents one of the main challenges of the salmon farming industry in Chile, since it profusely affects the skin. It should be noted that fish in freshwater and estuaries are not affected, unlike salmon, which from post-smolt is highly parasitized when transferred to the sea. Multiple studies have been carried out on the life cycle of the parasite and chemical, physical and mechanical treatments have been developed to eliminate them. However, to date, the treatments have not been effective, which produces a permanent problem for the welfare of the animal. The purpose of this study was to recognize the biostructure of Atlantic salmon caudal fin skin at sites of interaction with chalimus. For this, 15 post-smolt infected with Caligus and 5 post-smolt controls, without Caligus, were used. The salmon were provided by Fundación Chile and the experience was carried out in its own experimental center. Once the euthanasia was carried out, by means of an overdose of the anesthetic benzocaine, samples of the caudal fins were obtained, which were fixed in 10 % formalin, included in paraplast to make 5 µm-thick sections and stained with Masson's Trichrome and PAS. The results indicated that the skin of the caudal fin of the affected post-smolt presented a greater height of the epidermis, few mucus-secreting cells and a solution of continuity in the epidermis. In addition, the basement membrane is discontinued and an increase in melanomacrophages occurs in the dermis.

Assessment of quality deviation of pork and salmon due to temperature fluctuations during superchilling / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Superchilling is an emerging technology for meat preservation; however, the temperature changes during the process have been commonly ignored. Thus, the effects of temperature fluctuations on meat quality during superchilling are yet to be evaluated. In our study, pork loins and salmon fillets were stored for several days (0, 8, 15, 23, and 30 d) under different temperature fluctuations based on -3.5 ℃ as the target temperature. The results showed that after 15 d of superchilling storage, the values of total volatile basic nitrogen, total viable count, and lipid oxidation were significantly (P<0.05) altered in the ±2.0 ℃ fluctuation group compared with the constant temperature group. On the contrary, there was no significant difference in these parameters between the ±1.0 ℃ fluctuation group and the constant temperature group after 30 d of storage. In addition, irregular temperature changes significantly accelerated the modulation of various indicators. In brief, temperature fluctuations and irregular temperature changes accelerated the destruction of muscle structural integrity, increased the water loss, gradually widened the water loss channels, and thereby reduced the edibility by accelerating the spoilage of meat.

Effects of elderflower extract enriched with polyphenols on antioxidant defense of salmon leukocytes

BACKGROUND: In fish farming, the plant extracts containing antioxidant compounds have been added to the diet for enhancing pathogen resistance. In vitro studies evaluating the antioxidant effect of herbal extracts on fish cell models have focused on ROS production and the respiratory burst mechanism. However, the effects on enzymatic antioxidant defense on salmon leukocytes have not been evaluated. This study aims to evaluate the enzymatic antioxidant defense and ROS-induced cell damage in Salmon Head Kidney-1 (SHK-1) cell line exposed to polyphenol-enriched extract from Sambucus nigra flowers. RESULTS: Firstly, the Total Reactive Antioxidant Power (TRAP) assay of elderflower polyphenol (EP) was evaluated, showing 459 and 489 times more active than gallic acid and butyl hydroxy toluene (BHT), respectively. The toxic effect of EP on salmon cells was not significant at concentrations below 120 mg/ mL and no hemolysis activity was observed between 20 and 400 mg/mL. The treatment of SHK-1 cell line with EP decreased both the lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation induced by H2O2, which could be associated with decreasing oxidative stress in the SHK-1 cells since the GSH/GSSG ratio increased when only EP was added. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that plant extracts enriched with polyphenols could improve the enzymatic antioxidant defense of salmon leukocytes and protect the cells against ROS-induced cell damage

Occurrence of Escherichia coli in salmon sashimis commercialized in restaurants from Londrina - PR / Ocorrência de Escherichia coli em sashimis de salmão comercializados em restaurantes de Londrina - PR

The population interest for fish consumption has increased, mainly due to several beneficial nutritional properties presented by this food. In this context, oriental culinary also brings different eating habits as consume raw food, such as sashimi. A relevant food contaminant of fecal origin is Escherichia coli, able to become potentially harmful, when it acquires virulence factors, as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). This study aimed to evaluate 30 samples of salmon sashimi regarding the presence of E. coli, as well as perform the genotypic characterization of virulence factors associated with STEC. Three samples were collected from 10 different restaurants, specialized in Japanese culinary in the city of Londrina - PR. The E. coli identification was performed using the Colilert® chromogenic substrate technique and biochemical tests, and for the investigation of virulence genes, stx1 and stx2, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used. Among the 30 samples analyzed, 15 (50%) presented contamination by E. coli. However, in no sample were detected virulence factors associated with STEC. Although human diseases associated with STEC are poorly described in Brazil, it is possible to verify that fish, mainly those consumed raw, are potential transmitters of E. coli to humans. This can compromise the food safety of these products and, thus, characterize them as unsuitable for consumption. Therefore, it is necessary the adoption of preventive measures of contamination by E. coli in products intended to human consumption, beyond more research that can verify the potential of STEC as a fish contaminant. (AU)

O interesse da população pelo consumo de peixe tem aumentado, principalmente devido às diversas propriedades nutricionais benéficas apresentadas por este alimento. Neste contexto, a culinária oriental também traz diferentes hábitos alimentares, como consumir alimentos crus, tais como o sashimi. Um relevante contaminante alimentar de origem fecal é Escherichia coli, capaz de tornarse potencialmente danosa ao adquirir fatores de virulência, como E. coli produtora de toxina Shiga (STEC). Este estudo objetivou avaliar 30 amostras de sashimi de salmão quanto à presença de E. coli, bem como realizar a caracterização genotípica de fatores de virulência associados com STEC. Três amostras foram coletadas de 10 diferentes restaurantes especializados em culinária japonesa da cidade de Londrina - PR. A identificação de E. coli foi realizada utilizando a técnica de substrato cromogênico Colilert® e testes bioquímicos, e para a investigação dos genes de virulência, stx1 e stx2, a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) foi utilizada. Dentre as 30 amostras analisadas, 15 (50%) apresentaram contaminação por E. coli. Contudo, em nenhuma das amostras foram detectados fatores de virulência associados com STEC. Embora as doenças humanas associadas com STEC sejam pouco descritas no Brasil, é possível verificar que os peixes, principalmente aqueles consumidos crus, são potenciais transmissores de E. coli aos humanos. Isto pode comprometer a segurança alimentar destes produtos e, assim, caracterizá-los como impróprios para o consumo. Portanto, é necessária a adoção de medidas preventivas de contaminação por E. coli nos produtos destinados ao consumo humano, além de mais pesquisas que possam verificar o potencial de STEC como um contaminante de peixes. (AU)

Innovative Treatment Using Salmon Skin Extract as Topical Application for Traumatic Oral Ulcer Healing: Animal Models

ABSTRACT@#Salmon skin extract contains high proline and hydroxyproline, and has been suggested as a potential topical agent for traumatic oral ulcer healing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of salmon skin extract as traumatic oral ulcer healing. A total of 32 Wistar rats (200 g to 250 g) were distributed into four groups. Group 1 served as the control group (no treatment), Group 2 was topically treated with salmon skin extract agent 4%, Group 3 was topically treated with salmon skin extract agent 5%, and Group 4 was topically treated with salmon skin extract agent 6%. Traumatic ulcers at lip mucosa were performed in all rats and 0.1 ml salmon skin extract was applied on the ulcer twice daily for seven days. The animals were euthanised on the last day of treatment. Biopsy specimens were taken from the lip mucosa in all rats for epithelial thickness evaluation and the study for number of fibroblasts by histological analysis. Significant increase in epithelial thickness and the number of fibroblasts (p > 0.05) was observed in salmon skin extract treatment groups as compared to the control group. Salmon skin extract 6% treatment group had the highest epithelial thickness and the number of fibroblasts amongst the study groups. Salmon skin extract promises an innovative topical application treatment for traumatic oral ulcer healing. Salmon skin extract 6% was the most effective concentration for traumatic oral ulcer healing.

Evaluation of Growth and Immunological Indices of Allfemale Caspian salmon Salmo trutta caspius Induced by Gamma Irradiation

Abstract 20 pieces of all-female (produces by using Gynogenesis process via gamma irradiation) Caspian salmon (Salmo trutta caspius) with dosage of 450, 600, 750, 900 and 1050 Gy by gamma irradiation (Co60) with average weight of 2.31 ± 0.22 in a randomized design was transferred to 300 liters tanks (n =3). For 6 months, growth indices including weight gain, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate were examined. At the end of the period, 3 pieces from each experimental unit were caught and after anesthesia were used using clove oil (100 ppm) and blood sampling and sera isolation, immunological indices (lysozyme activity, complement activity and total immunoglobulin) were measured in fish of different groups. The results showed that the growth rate in the gynogen groups were higher than the control group (p<0.05). The feed conversion ratio in the control treatment was significantly increased compared to experimental groups. The specific growth indices including of final weight 47.2%, FCR 13.46% and SGR 10.9% were improved significantly in the experimental groups in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). Immunological indices (lysozyme, complement activity and, immunoglobulin) in different groups weren't show significant changes (p>0.05). Therefore, the use of gynogenesis by using gamma irradiation concluded in Caspian Sea salmon, due to the lack of immunological indices and growth improvement.

Deformación de la aleta caudal en alevín de salmón del atlántico (Salmo salar), en etapa de saco vitelino / Deformation of the caudal fin in atlantic salmon fry (Salmo salar), in the yolk sac stage

RESUMEN: En este estudio se analiza una deformación que afectó la aleta caudal de los alevines de salmón del Atlántico (Salmo salar) y que les proporcionó un aspecto de "cola aguzada". Al momento de la eclosión se observaron completamente normales pero la deformación se detectó con posterioridad. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir los cambios anatómicos e histológicos de la aleta caudal deformada del alevín de salmón del Atlántico (Salmo salar). Para esto se utilizaron 60 alevines para realizar análisis de laboratorio y descartar la presencia de patógenos virales o bacterianos. Otros 60 alevines con un estado de desarrollo entre 600 y 700 Unidades térmicas acumuladas (UTAs) fueron anestesiados con Benzocaína 5 %, fijados en formalina al 10 % pesados y medidos. De estos un grupo de 30 alevines (15 normales y 15 deformes) fueron sometidos a la técnica de Hanken y Wassersug para evaluar Lepidotriquias. Los otros 30 alevines (15 normales y 15 deformes), fueron procesados mediante las técnicas histoquímicas: H&E/azul de Alcián para evaluar las características histológicas generales. Adicionalmente se utilizó técnicas inmunohistoquímicas para reconocer la ubicación y la presencia de los centros de señales Sonic hedgehog (Shh) para la formación de Lepidotriquias. A los valores obtenidos para las variables cuantitativas peso y longitud de cuerpo, largo y ancho de aleta caudal, se les realizó estadística descriptiva y fueron sometidos a prueba de normalidad de Shapiro-Wilk. Las diferencias observadas entre peces normales y deformes, fueron analizadas mediante prueba t de Student o U de Mann Whitney, utilizando el paquete estadístico IBM SPSS 20.0. La deformación se observó desde las 600 UTA. El peso de los alevines deformes fue similar al de los peces normales (p>0,05), lo mismo sucedió con la longitud de la aleta (p>0,05). Por el contrario, el ancho de la aleta de los deformes fue muy reducida (p<0,05). El fenotipo de aleta aguzada presentó un cambio en la integridad de los bordes, fracturas de Lepidotriquias. La epidermis de la aleta caudal de los alevines deformados presentó sus centros de señalización Shh activos, pero el blastema interrayos presentó vasodilatación, congestión y hemorragias. La presentación de este caso se relacionó con incrementos bruscos de temperatura peri eclosional.

SUMMARY: This study analyzes the deformity of Atlantic salmon fry (Salmo salar) caudal fin, which gives it a "pointed tail" appearance. Although at hatching specimens were normal, the deformities were detected later. The objective of this work is to describe the anatomical and histological changes of the deformed caudal fin of the Atlantic salmon fry (Salmo salar). In this analysis we used 60 specimens for laboratory analyses, to rule out the presence of viral or bacterial pathogens. Another 60 fry, developmental stage between 600 and 700 Accumulated Thermal Units (UTAs) were anesthetized with 5 % Benzocaine, fixed in 10 % formalin, weighed and measured. Of these, a group of 30 fry (15 normal and 15 deformed) underwent the Hanken and Wassersug technique to evaluate lepidotrychia or dermal rays. The remaining 30 fry (15 normal and 15 deformed) were processed using H & E / Alcián blue histochemical techniques to evaluate general histological characteristics. Additionally, immunohistochemical techniques were used to determine the location and presence of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signal centers for lepidotrychia development. The values obtained for the quantitative variables body weight, length and width of the tail fin were described using the arithmetic mean and standard deviation. The deformity was observed from 600 UTA. Weight of deformed fry was less than normal fish, length of the fin was similar in normal and deformed fish. In contrast, width of the deformed fin was significantly reduced. The sharp fin phenotype presented a change in the conformity of the edges, lepidotrychia fractures. The epidermis presented active Shh signaling centers, but the interray blastema showed vasodilation, congestion and hemorrhages. The presentation of this case was related to sudden increases in perieclosional temperature.

Collagen as a source of bioactive peptides: a bioinformatics approach

BACKGROUND: Collagen is the most abundant protein in animals and can be obtained from residues of the food industry. Its hydrolysate has many desirable properties that make it suitable as an additive in foods and cosmetics, or as a component of scaffold materials to be used in biomedicine. RESULTS: We report here the characterization of type I collagen from five different sources, namely bovine, porcine, chicken, trout and salmon, as well as their hydrolysates by means of bioinformatics tools. As expected, the results showed that bovine and porcine collagen, as well as trout and salmon collagen, can be used interchangeably due to their high identity. This result is consistent with the evolution of proteins with highly identical sequences between related species. Also, 156 sequences were found as potential bioactive peptides, 126 from propeptide region and 30 from the central domain, according to the comparison with reported active sequences. CONCLUSIONS: Collagen analysis from a bioinformatic approach allowed us to classify collagen from 5 different animal sources, to establish its interchangeability as potential additive in diverse fields and also to determine the content of bioactive peptides from its in silico hydrolysis.

Randomized response surface pathway design with skewed starting point and stochastic dose window

Background:The aim was to introduce response surface pathway(RSP)-design with skewed starting value and stochastic dose-window to estimate optimal efficacy dose (OED) of BP-C2 after IL-1? stimulation in Atlantic salmon.Methods:54 healthy smolt of Atlantic salmon between 50 and 100g before habituated to saltwater were included. The study was conducted as a one-dimensional, randomized between-patient three-level RSP designed trial with one interventional-and one response variable and odd outcomes. The interventional variable was intraperitoneal injected BPC2 with skewed starting dose of 0.10 mg/100g related to the initial dose-window <0.02-0.5 mg/100g. The response variable was the Ct-value of mRNA IL-1? expression 24 hours after injection.Results:Skewed starting value of 0.10 mg/100g was chosen in the first design-level with a dose-window of <0.0-0.20].The three smolt obtained a reduction in Ct-value above 15%, and the dose-window adjusted with the lower boundary equals the previous dose. The five smolt at second esign-level received 0.16 mg/100g with a dose-window [0.10-0.22]. Four smolt obtained above 15% and one of 0.5% reduction in cycle threshold (Ct)-value. Six smolt in the third design-level received 0.21 mg/100g and one 0.16 mg/100g. The mean Ct-value was reduced from 30.0 in the nstimulated situation to 25.0, 24.8 and 26.4 after BP-C2 stimulation of 0.10, 0.16 and 0.21mg/100g, respectively. The OED of BP-C2 related to IL-1? was estimated to 0.14 mg/100g.Conclusions: Skewed starting value in the initial dose-window made the K-adjustment factor and dose-window stochastic. The RSP-procedure works in accordance to the expectation and estimated OED of BP-C2 sufficiently.

Comparison of fat composition and chemical properties of fat extracts between fish fillets of selected warm-water and cold-water fish / Comparação da composição da gordura e propriedades químicas dos extratos de gordura entre filé de peixe de água quente e de água fria

The purpose of this study was to determine and compare fat composition and chemical properties of fish fillets of selected warm-water fish obtained from Straits of Malacca. A cold water fish, namely salmon was used for comparison. Moisture content, crude fat, fatty acids composition and chemical characteristics of fish fillets of Yellowstripe scad, Japanese threadfin bream and salmon were determined. Japanese threadfin bream fillet had highest moisture and crude fat contents, followed by fillets of Yellowstripe scad and salmon. A significantly strong and negative correlation was found between moisture and crude fat contents of these fish fillets. Fillets of Japanese threadfin bream and Yellowstripe scad also had higher total saturated fatty acids than total unsaturated fatty acids. Although salmon fillet had lowest percentage of saturated fatty acids, it had highest monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) compared with the two warm-water fish. Palmitic acid and oleic acid were the major fatty acids in the fish fillets. Chemical properties of the oils extracted from the warm-water fish fillets were varied compared to salmon. The selected warm-water fish fillets offer favorable fatty acids composition and chemical properties, which can potentially be used as good sources of PUFA.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar e comparar a composição gordurosa e as propriedades químicas de filés de peixes selecionados de água quente obtidos no Estreito de Malaca. Um peixe de água fria, o salmão, foi usado para comparação. Foram determinados o teor de umidade, a gordura bruta, a composição de ácidos graxos e as características químicas dos filés de yellowstripe scad, sargo japonês e salmão. Os filés de sargo japonês apresentaram maior teor de umidade e de gordura bruta, seguidos por filés de yellowstripe scad e de salmão. Foi encontrada uma correlação significativamente forte e negativa entre a umidade e o teor de gordura bruta desses filés de peixe. Filés de sargo japonês e de yellowstripe scad também apresentaram ácidos graxos saturados totais mais altos do que os ácidos graxos insaturados totais. Embora o filé de salmão tenha menor porcentagem de ácidos graxos saturados, ele apresentou os maiores ácidos graxos monoinsaturados e ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFA em comparação com os dois peixes de água quente. O ácido palmítico e o ácido oleico foram os principais ácidos graxos dos filés de peixe. As propriedades químicas dos óleos extraídos dos filés de peixe de água quente foram variadas em comparação ao salmão. Os filés de peixe de água quente selecionados oferecem composição favorável de ácidos graxos e propriedades químicas, que podem ser potencialmente usadas como boas fontes de PUFAs.

Clinical effect of acupoint injection of salmon calcitonin in the treatment of senile osteoporosis / 中国基层医药

Objective To observe the clinical effect of acupoint injection of salmon calcitonin in the treatment of senile osteoporosis. Methods From February 2016 to July 2017,136 elderly patients with osteoporosis admitted to Wenzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine were included. The patients were randomly divided into two groups,with 68 cases in each group. The acupoint－injection group was given 50IU salmon calcitonin on day 1, day 2 100IU, one time per day, continuously used for 15 days for a course of treatment, and with an interval of 90 days,and repeat the course of treatment. The patients were given 0. 9% sodium chloride diluted to 2mL,inject 0. 5mL into bilateral Shenshu and Zusanli these two points. The intramuscular injection group was given the same dose of salmon calcitonin gluteus maximus injected intramuscularly. At the same time,both two groups were given calcium Erqi D tablets one tablet a day,alendronate once a week,each time 70mg fasting taken orally. The type Ⅰ collagen β－CTx,PINP,NBAP,femoral neck,femur trochanter,lumbar (L1 －L4) lumbar BMD and osteoporosis symptom score before and after treatment were compared. Results After treatment,the NBAP and BMD of the two groups were significantly higher than those before treatment (all P＜0. 05),and the β－CTx,PINP and symptoms scores were lower than before treatment (P＜0. 05). After treatment,NBAP in the acupoint injection group was (32. 36 ± 3. 03)μg/L, which was higher than (29. 66 ± 3. 20) μg/L in the intramuscular injection group(t =10. 477,P ＜0. 05). The β－CTx and PINP in the acupoint injection group were decreased to (0. 10 ± 0. 05)μg/L and (28. 78 ± 5. 23)μg/L, which were significantly lower than those in the intramuscular injection group[β－CTx(0. 20 ± 0. 05)μg/L,PINP (35.77 ±6. 49)μg/L(t =5. 983,2. 662,all P ＜0. 05)]. After treatment,the BMD of the femoral neck,femur trochanter and lumbar vertebra (L1 －L4) in the acupoint injection group were (0. 690 ± 0. 032)g/m2,(0. 620 ± 0. 010)g/m2and (0. 822 ± 0. 012)g/m2,respectively,which were higher than those in the intramuscular injection group[(0.652 ±0.012)g/m2,(0.572 ±0.022)g/m2and (0.801 ±0.011)g/m2(t=5.055,6.133,1.956,all P＜0. 05)]. After treatment,the improvements of TCM syndromes such as weakness in the waist and knees,tinnitus and deafness,loss of appetite,release of teeth,relaxation of two feet,weak tongue,weak pulse in the acupoint injection group were better than those in the intramuscular injection group (all P＜0. 05). Conclusion The acupoint injection of salmon calcitonin at Zusanli and Shenshu points is more effective than the intramuscular injection in the treatment of senile osteoporosis. It can significantly increase the serum NBAP,decrease the serum β－CTx,PINP,improve the BMD and improve the patients＇clinical symptoms,which means acupoint injection is a safe and effective way to treat senile osteoporosis.

Effect of salmon calcitonin on postoperative humeral head replacement in elderly patients / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of anti-osteoporosis drugs on the curative effect of femoral head replacement in the elderly patients with proximal humerus fracture.@*METHODS@#From November 2012 to June 2016, 38 patients with proximal humeral fractures received humeral head replacement were divided into the treatment group and the control group according to whether the anti-osteoporosis drugs were used after the operation. The treatment group included 19 cases, of which 11 cases were three part fractures, 18 cases were four part fractures, and bone density was(0.58±0.14) g/cm²; the control group involved 19 cases, of which 10 cases were the three part fractures, 9 cases were four part fractures, and bone density was(0.58±0.11) g/cm². Periprosthetic bone mineral density(BMD) was measured at 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 weeks after operation, and visual analogue scale(VAS) was used to evaluate the pain and Neer score was used to evaluate the function of the shoulder joint.@*RESULTS@#The incisions of all patients were healed with grade A and no complications occurred. Thirty-five patients were followed up for 1 year. The bone density around the prosthesis of treatment group was higher than that of control group, the difference was statistically significant(0.05). The total score and functional score of Neer in the treatment group were better than those in the control group, the difference was statistically significant(0.05). According to the Neer score, the results of treatment group was excellent in 10 cases, good in 5 cases, fair in 3 cases;in the control group, 3 cases were excellent, 9 cases were good, and 5 cases were fair;the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Artificial humeral head replacement combined with anti-osteoporosis drugs in the treatment of proximal humeral fractures in elderly patients can effectively improve the bone density around the prosthesis and restore shoulder function. The early clinical effect is satisfactory.

Pinworm Infection at Salmon Ruins and Aztec Ruins: Relation to Pueblo III Regional Violence

The study of coprolites has been a theme of archaeology in the American Southwest. A feature of archaeoparasitology on the Colorado Plateau is the ubiquity of pinworm infection. As a crowd parasite, this ubiquity signals varying concentrations of populations. Our recent analysis of coprolite deposits from 2 sites revealed the highest prevalence of infection ever recorded for the region. For Salmon Ruins, the deposits date from AD 1140 to 1280. For Aztec Ruins, the samples can be dated by artifact association between AD 1182–1253. Both sites can be placed in the Ancestral Pueblo III occupation (AD 1100–1300), which included a period of cultural stress associated with warfare. Although neither of these sites show evidence of warfare, they are typical of large, defensible towns that survived this time of threat by virtue of large populations in stonewalled villages with easily accessible water. We hypothesize that the concentration of large numbers of people promoted pinworm infection and, therefore, explains the phenomenal levels of infection at these sites.

Criteria for Safe Use of Plant Ingredients in Diets for Aquacultured Fish

The Norwegian Food Safety Authority (Mattilsynet) asked the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet) to assess if the criteria for safe use of plant ingredients in diets for aquacultured fish fulfil the Feed regulative §7 to “not induce negative health effects in the animal”, and in this context aquacultured fish. The use of feed ingredients of both plant and animal origin is set by the regulation “Forskrift 7. November 2002 nr 1290”, and amendments. The objective of the regulation is to protect animals, consumers and the environment. For animals, the feed shall not pose a risk, or danger, to their health. Aspects to be assessed were whether the changes in fish diet ingredient composition seen in recent years with high levels of plant ingredients, plus additions of immunostimulants, would in any manner challenge fish health and if any ingredient should be limited due to its negative effect, or induce any long-term negative effect. “Long-term” here extends beyond normal production time for consumption, e.g. when substances that might affect fish health are included in broodstock diets. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss), Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) should especially be addressed. However, since all life stages should be included, especially broodstock, and also possible long-term effects, and literature on these for the requested species is scarce, the assessment mentions studies on other species when relevant. With the exception of full-fat and extracted soybean meal for salmonids, substituting at least part of the fishmeal fraction of aquafeeds with individual plant ingredients is promising, at least in the short to medium term. Indeed in some cases, diets containing up to 20% inclusion level of high-quality plant protein sources have resulted in better nutrient digestibility and growth parameters than the fishmeal-based control diets. When substituting fishmeal with plant ingredients, however, it is necessary to balance the diets regarding limiting amino acids and minerals. Adding plant proteins to fish diets result in the introduction of anti-nutritional factors. There is an urgent need to investigate consequences of various anti-nutritional factors, individually and in combinations, to nutrient digestibility, utilization and metabolism as well as to intestinal function, structure, defence mechanisms and microbiota. Long-term effects also merit investigation. This will aid in the ability to predict how a newly introduced plant ingredient as well as combinations of plant ingredients may affect the fish and identify steps needed to avoid adverse health effects. As many of the potential disadvantages of using plant oils in salmonid diets are related to either very high levels of n-6 PUFA (most available oils) or very high levels of linseed oil, it would be recommended that mixtures of plant oils should be used as feed inclusions. By adjusting the ratio of n-6 and n-3 the level of eicosanoids can be controlled. By including palm oil, potential problems in lipid digestibility and transport can be controlled. A standard inclusion of soybean lecithin may also be advisory. These and other variants of mixtures of oil sources have been explored in recent years with some success in salmonid fish. Such mixtures do not seem to be necessary for marine fish. Modern finfish aquaculture faces problems such as bone and skeletal deformities, cataracts, heart disorders, unspecific ulceration and various digestive disorders including intestinal colic in Atlantic cod, gastric dilatation (bloat) in rainbow trout, and intestinal tumours, at low incidence, in Atlantic salmon broodstock. Most of the mentioned problems have been related to malnutrition, feed, intensive growth and/or unfavourable environmental conditions. The disorders are often not lethal, but may imply a fish welfare problem and increase the susceptibility to secondary disorders and infectious diseases. Major changes in feed composition and feed ingredients may increase the risk for such production-related disorders in intensive fish farming. Care should be taken when choosing plant alternatives, both types and qualities, to prevent nutrition-related diseases such as skeletal deformities, cataracts, heart conditions, and other, unspecific symptoms. The change from marine- to plant-based diet ingredients, results in changed profile and content of undesirable substances. The list of undesirable substances included in the feed legislation is, in general, sufficient, but it should be considered to include pesticides in use today and more of the mycotoxins. Currently only aflatoxin B1 is included, while only recommendations exist for other mycotoxins. Studies of dietary exposure to undesirable substances, e.g. pesticides and mycotoxins, and their toxic effects and toxicokinetics in fish are scarce. To date, the application of pre- and probiotics for the improvement of aquatic environmental quality and for disease control in aquaculture seems promising; however, the information is limited and sometimes contradictory. Currently there are numerous gaps in existing knowledge about exogenous nucleotide application to fish including various aspects of digestion, absorption, metabolism, and influences on various physiological responses, especially expression of immunogenes and modulation of immunoglobulin production. As limited information is available about the effect of immunostimulants, prebiotics and nucleotides on gut morphology, this topic should be given high priority in future studies. Heat processing of raw materials and of the complete fish diets may potentially alter nutritional properties of plant materials. However, the negative effects appear to be modest under practical conditions.

Draft genomes and reference transcriptomes extend the coding potential of the fish pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis

Background: Draft and complete genome sequences from bacteria are key tools to understand genetic determinants involved in pathogenesis in several disease models. Piscirickettsia salmonis is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for the Salmon Rickettsial Syndrome (SRS), a bacterial disease that threatens the sustainability of the Chilean salmon industry. In previous reports, complete and draft genome sequences have been generated and annotated. However, the lack of transcriptome data underestimates the genetic potential, does not provide information about transcriptional units and contributes to disseminate annotation errors. Results: Here we present the draft genome and transcriptome sequences of four P. salmonis strains. We have identified the transcriptional architecture of previously characterized virulence factors and trait-specific genes associated to cation uptake, metal efflux, antibiotic resistance, secretion systems and other virulence factors. Conclusions: This data has provided a refined genome annotation and also new insights on the transcriptional structures and coding potential of this fish pathogen.

Resistencia a los antimicrobianos en Chile y el paradigma de Una Salud: manejando los riesgos para la salud pública humana y animal resultante del uso de antimicrobianos en la acuicultura del salmón y en medicina / Antimicrobial resistance in Chile and The One Health paradigm: dealing with threats to human and veterinary health resulting from antimicrobial use in salmon aquaculture and the clinic

El aumento de la resistencia bacteriana múltiple a antimicrobianos es considerado una gran amenaza para la salud pública mundial y como generador de una importante crisis en el funcionamiento de los sistemas de salud. Esta crisis es discutida diariamente por los gobiernos y los parlamentos, las instituciones globales de salud, fundaciones benéficas y de científicos y de profesionales de la salud y también de consumidores de productos animales. En todos los países del orbe se ha identificado al uso de antimicrobianos en la crianza industrial de animales como un importante determinante en la selección de esta resistencia. Aprovechando la oportunidad que se ha planteado en Chile con el diseño del Plan Nacional Contra la Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos, hemos creído importante revisitar y actualizar sumariamente nuestros estudios sobre el uso de antimicrobianos en la acuicultura del salmón y de su potencial impacto en el ambiente y la salud humana y animal. Estos estudios indican que 95% de tres grupos de antimicrobianos importados al país, que incluyen tetraciclinas, fenicoles y quinolonas, son usados en medicina veterinaria y mayormente en la acuicultura del salmón. Nuestros estudios indican que el excesivo uso de estos antimicrobianos genera la presencia de residuos de antimicrobianos en el ambiente marino hasta 8 km de los sitios de acuicultura, los que seleccionan a bacterias con resistencia múltiple en dicho ambiente, ya que ellas contienen variados genes de resistencia a estos antimicrobianos. Estos genes de resistencia están contenidos en elementos genéticos móviles incluyendo plásmidos e integrones, los que son trasmitidos a otras bacterias permitiendo su potencial diseminación epidémica entre poblaciones bacterianas. Bacterias del ambiente marino contienen genes idénticos a los genes de resistencia a quinolonas e integrones similares a los de patógenos humanos, sugiriendo comunicación genética entre estas bacterias de diversos ambientes. Alrededor de los recintos de acuicultura, este uso exagerado de antimicrobianos contamina con ellos también a peces silvestres para consumo humano y potencialmente selecciona BRA en su carne y en los productos de acuicultura. El consumo de estos productos selecciona bacterias resistentes en el microbioma humano y facilita también el intercambio genético entre bacterias del ambiente acuático y la microbiota comensal y patógena humana. El pasaje de antimicrobianos al ambiente marino disminuye la diversidad en él, y potencialmente podría facilitar la aparición de florecimientos de algas nocivas, la infección de peces por patógenos piscícolas resistentes los antimicrobianos y la aparición de patógenos zoonóticos resistentes, incluyendo a Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la prevención de infecciones en peces y la disminución del uso de antimicrobianos en su crianza, será en Chile un factor determinante en la prevención de infecciones humanas y animales con resistencia múltiple a los antimicrobianos, de acuerdo con el paradigma moderno e integral de Una Salud.

The emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) is currently seen as one of the major threats to human and animal public health. Veterinary use of antimicrobials in both developing and developed countries is many-fold greater than their use in human medicine and is an important determinant in selection of ARB. In light of the recently outlined National Plan Against Antimicrobial Resistance in Chile, our findings on antimicrobial use in salmon aquaculture and their impact on the environment and human health are highly relevant. Ninety-five percent of tetracyclines, phenicols and quinolones imported into Chile between 1998 and 2015 were for veterinary use, mostly in salmon aquaculture. Excessive use of antimicrobials at aquaculture sites was associated with antimicrobial residues in marine sediments 8 km distant and the presence of resistant marine bacteria harboring easily transmissible resistance genes, in mobile genetic elements, to these same antimicrobials. Moreover, quinolone and integron resistance genes in human pathogens isolated from patients in coastal regions adjacent to aquaculture sites were identical to genes isolated from regional marine bacteria, consistent with genetic communication between bacteria in these different environments. Passage of antimicrobials into the marine environment can potentially diminish environmental diversity, contaminate wild fish for human consumption, and facilitate the appearance of harmful algal blooms and resistant zoonotic and human pathogens. Our findings suggest that changes in aquaculture in Chile that prevent fish infections and decrease antimicrobial usage will prove a determining factor in preventing human and animal infections with multiply-resistant ARB in accord with the modern paradigm of One Health.

Comparison of wound healing effects between Oncorhynchus keta-derived polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) and Oncorhynchus mykiss-derived PDRN

BACKGROUND: Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) influencing cellular growth and differentiation is recognized to promote wound healing by stimulating tissue repair. Although PDRN can be extracted from human placentas, PDRN medications have recently been extracted from the semen of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). The present study was designed to evaluate the wound healing effects of O. keta-derived PDRN for injection (Rejuvenex) and PDRN cream (Rejuvenex Cream) in comparison with those of O. mykiss-derived PDRN injection (Placentex). METHODS: Full-thickness skin defects were made on the back of mice (n=60). The mice were divided into the following four groups according to the dressing used for the wounds: O. mykiss-derived PDRN injection group, O. keta-derived PDRN injection group, O. keta-derived PDRN cream group, and normal saline soaked dressing group (control group). We analyzed the gross findings, wound sizes, histological findings, immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the groups immediately after the treatment, and again after 4, 7, and 10 days of treatment. RESULTS: The wound healing effects were the greatest in the O. keta-derived PDRN injection and O. mykiss-derived PDRN injection groups, which showed similar scores, followed by the O. keta-derived cream and normal saline soaked dressing groups. CONCLUSION: The injection of PDRN extracted from O. keta was found to be as effective at healing full-thickness skin defects as the O. mykiss-derived PDRN injection, which is currently used in the clinic. Moreover, the O. keta-derived PDRN injection was also found to reduce the time required for wound healing.

Clinical study of Yiqi-Wenshen decoction combined with salmon calcitonin injection for the patients with bone atrophy after calcaneal fracture / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To evaluation of curative effect of Yiqi-Wenshen decoction combined with salmon calcitonin subcutaneous injection for the patients with postoperative bone atrophy after calcaneal fracture.Methods According to the inclusion criteria, 120 patients with calcaneal fracture were randomly divided into 2 groups, 60 in each group. The control group received the subcutaneous injection of salmon calcitonin, and the combined group received the control group treatment plus Yiqi-Wenshen decoction. Both groups were treated for 6 weeks. The X-ray was used to detecte the local bone density of limbs, and the foot function scores of ankle function and the changes of clinical symptoms and signs before and after treatment were observed.Results After treatment, joint pain (2.8 ± 1.1vs. 3.6 ± 1.1,t=4.129), tenderness (1.0 ± 0.5vs. 1.4 ± 0.7,t=3.297), the color change of (1.5 ± 0.8vs. 2.0 ± 0.6,t=3.117) score in the combined group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The degree of swelling (112.5 ± 11.8 cm3vs. 122.5 ± 13.6 cm3,t=3.816) in the combined group was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05). The bone mineral density (0.762 ± 0.020 g/cm2vs. 0.722 ± 0.023 g/cm2,t=3.803,P<0.05) in the combined group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The effect rate of the combined group was 90% (54/60), and the control group was 70%. There was significant difference between 2 groups (χ2=7.500,P=0.006). The effect rate of ankle joint function of the combined group was 83.3% (50/60), and the control group was 70% (42/60). There was significant difference between 2 groups (χ2=4.444,P=0.035).Conclusions The Yiqi-Wenshen decoction combined with subcutaneous injection of salmon calcitonin could relieve the pain, swelling and other symptoms of the patients with bone atrophy after calcaneal fractures, and could benefit the recovery of ankle joint function.

Clinical effect of Bushenxuanfei decoction combined with salmon calcitonin on osteoporosis in COPD patients / 实用医学杂志

Objective To invcstigate the clinical effect of Bushenxuanfei decoction combined with salmon calcitonin on osteoporosis in COPD patients.Methods 60 COPD patients with osteoporosis were randomly divided into two groups:30 patients as controls were treated with calcium carbonate and vitamin D3 tablets and salmon calcitonin and another 30 patients in the treatment group with salmon calcitonim combined with Bushenxuanfei decoction.The two groups were compared in terms of pain,BMD and calcium concentration.Results The treatment group was significantly better than the control one in terms of indexes of pain BMD and calcium concentration (P＜0.05).Conclusion Bushenxuanfei decoction combined with salmon calcitonin is of significant effect in the treatment of osteoporosis in COPD patients.

Clinical effect of salmon calcitonin in the treatment of senile osteoporosis and its effect on BMD and VAS scores / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of salmon calcitonin in the treatment of senile osteoporosis , and to observe the effect of salmon calcitonin on bone mineral density ( BMD ) and pain.Methods 180 cases of patients diagnosed as osteoporosis from September 2015 to September 2016 in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed, the patients were divided into control group and treatment group according to the random number table method.The clinical efficacy and side effects of the two groups were evaluated.The bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar vertebrae, femur and radius were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.The VAS was used to evaluate the two groups before and after the treatment.( ODI) were used to evaluate the functional status of the patients before and after treatment.The self-made questionnaire was used to evaluate the quality of life of the patients before and after treatment.Results The total effective rate of treatment group was 94.44%, significantly higher than the control group 75.56%(P<0.05).After treatment, the treatment group of lumbar spine bone mineral density, bone mineral density and radial bone mineral density was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05).After treatment, spontaneous low back pain, flexion extension pain, turn over pain and weight pain were significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group (P<0.05).The ODI index of the treatment group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05).After treatment, the quality of life scores in the two groups were significantly higher than those before treatment, and the treatment group was higher than the control group(P<0.05).No significant adverse reactions occurred in two groups during the treatment.Conclusion Salmon calcitonin treatment of osteoporosis in elderly patients with a significant effect, help to improve bone mineral density, reduce pain and improve its dysfunction, and has high security.